heated under reflux

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• Reflux — The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. * * * 1. A backward flow. SEE ALSO: regurgitation. 2. In chemistry, to boil without loss of vapor because of the presence of a condenser that returns vapor as liquid. [L. re …   Medical dictionary

• Reflux — This article is about using reflux in chemical engineering and chemistry. For the reflux of stomach acids, see articles on heartburn, acid indigestion, and gastroesophageal reflux. For the reflux of urine, see vesicoureteral reflux. Reflux is a… …   Wikipedia

• Desulfonylation reactions — are chemical reactions leading to the removal of a sulfonyl group from organic compounds. As the sulfonyl functional group is electron withdrawing, methods for cleaving the sulfur carbon bonds of sulfones are typically reductive in nature.… …   Wikipedia

• Potassium dichromate — Potassium dichromate …   Wikipedia

• Cyanide — This article is about the class of chemical compounds. For other uses, see Cyanide (disambiguation). The cyanide ion, CN−. From the top: 1. Valence bond structure 2. Space filling model 3. Electrostatic potential surface 4. Carbon lone pair… …   Wikipedia

• Algaculture — is a form of aquaculture involving the farming of species of algae. The majority of algae that are intentionally cultivated fall into the category of microalgae (also referred to as phytoplankton, microphytes, or planktonic algae). Macroalgae,… …   Wikipedia

• Scorpionate ligand — The term Scorpionate ligand refers to a tridentate ligand which would bind to a metal in a fac manner. The most popular class of scorpionates are the tris(pyrazolyl)hydroborates or Tp ligands. These were also the first to become popular. These… …   Wikipedia

• Distillation — Distiller and Distillery redirect here. For other uses, see Distiller (disambiguation) and Distillery (disambiguation). For other uses, see Distillation (disambiguation). Laboratory display of distillation: 1: A heating device 2: Still pot 3:… …   Wikipedia

• petroleum refining — Introduction  conversion of crude oil into useful products. History Distillation of kerosene and naphtha       The refining of crude petroleum owes its origin to the successful drilling of the first oil well in Titusville, Pa., in 1859. Prior to… …   Universalium

• test — 1. To prove; to try a substance; to determine the chemical nature of a substance by means of reagents. 2. A method of examination, as to determine the presence or absence of a definite disease or of some substance in any of the fluids, tissues,… …   Medical dictionary

• Continuous distillation — Image 1: Typical industrial distillation towers Image 2: A crude oil vacuum distillation column as used in oil refineries …   Wikipedia